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1+1=¡H
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¥H«á¢°¡Ï¢°¬°¤°»ò·|µ¥©ó¢±¡@¤j¾Ç·|¦³ÃÒ©ú¡@³æ³æ¤@­ÓÃÒ©ú¥i¥HÅý§A§Û¨ì¤â³n

¤£­n¤p¬Ý³o­Ó¤½¦¡¡A1+1=2µn¤W¬ì¾Ç¬É¡¥³Ì°¶¤j¤½¦¡¡¦¤§¤@¡C
¦³¤£¤Ö¤H³£¥i¯à´¿¸g°Ý¹L"¬°¦ó1+1=2¡H"³o­Ó¬Ý¦ü¦h¾l(!?)ªº°ÝÃD¡C²{¦b§Ú¹Á¸Õ¦V¦³¿³½ìªººô¤Í²³æ¤¶²Ð¤@¤U«ç¼Ë¦b¤½²z¶°¦X½×ªº®Ø¬[¤ºµý©ú "1+1=2& quot; ³o¥y¹ïµ´¤j¦h¼Æ¤H¨Ó»¡³£"ÄA¼³¤£¯}"ªº¼Æ¾Ç­z¥y¡C­º¥ý¡A¤j®a­nª¾¹D¦b¶°¦X½×ªº¯ßµ¸¤¤§Ú­Ì°Q½×ªº¹ï¶H¬O¦U¦¡¦U¼Ëªº¶°¦X¡]©ÎÃþ (class)¡A¥¦­Ì©M¶°¦Xªº¤À§O¦b¦¹¤£ÂØ¡^¡A¬G¦¹§Ú­Ì¸g±`¸I¨ìªº¦ÛµM¼Æ¦b³o¸Ì¤]¬O¥H¶°¦X¡]©ÎÃþ¡^¨Ó©w¸q¡C¨Ò¦p§Ú­Ì¥i¥Î¥H¤Uªº¤è¦¡¬É©w0¡A1©M2(eg. qv. Quine, Mathematical Logic, Revised Ed., Ch. 6, ¡±43-44)¡G

0 := {x: x ={y: ~(y = y)}}
1 := {x: y(y£`x.&.x\{y}£`0)}
2 := {x: y(y£`x.&.x\{y}£`1)}


¡e¤ñ¦p»¡¡A¦pªG§Ú­Ì±q¬Y­ÓÄÝ©ó¢°³o­ÓÃþªº¤À¤l®³¥h¤@­Ó¤¸¯Àªº¸Ü¡A¨º»ò¸Ó¤À¤l«K·|Åܦ¨0ªº¤À¤l¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A¢°´N¬O¥Ñ©Ò¦³¥u¦³¤@­Ó¤¸¯ÀªºÃþ²Õ¦¨ªºÃþ¡C¡f

²{¦b§Ú­Ì¤@¯ë±Ä¥Î¥D­n¥Ñ von Neumann ¤Þ¤Jªº¤èªk¨Ó¬É©w¦ÛµM¼Æ¡C¨Ò¦p¡G

0:= £N, 1:= {£N} = {0} =0¡å{0},
2:= {£N,{£N}} = {0,1} = 1¡å{1}

[£N¬°ªÅ¶°]

¤@¯ë¨Ó»¡¡A¦pªG§Ú­Ì¤w¸gºc§@¶°n, ¨º»ò¥¦ªº«áÄ~¤¸(successor) n* ´N¬É©w¬°n¡å{n}¡C

¦b¤@¯ëªº¶°¦X½×¤½²z¨t²Î¤¤¡]¦pZFC¡^¤¤¦³¤@±ø¤½²z«OÃÒ³o­Óºc§@¹Lµ{¯à¤£Â_¦a©µÄò¤U¥h¡A¨Ã¥B©Ò¦³¥Ñ³oºc§@¤èªk±o¨ìªº¶°¦X¯àºc¦¨¤@­Ó¶°¦X¡A³o±ø¤½²zºÙ¬°µL½a¤½²z(Axiom of Infinity)(·íµM§Ú­Ì°²©w¤F¨ä¥L¤@¨Ç¤½²z¡]¦p¨Ã¶°¤½²z¡^¤w¸g«Ø¥ß¡C

¡eª`¡GµL½a¤½²z¬O¤@¨Ç©Ò¿×«DÅ޿誺¤½²z¡C¥¿¬O³o¨Ç¤½²z¨Ï±o¥HRussell ¬°¥NªíªºÅÞ¿è¥D¸q¾Ç¬£ªº¬Y¨Ç¥D±i¦b³ÌÄY®æªº·N¸q¤U¤£¯à¹ê²{¡C¡f

¸òþÓ§Ú­Ì«K¥iÀ³¥Î¥H¤Uªº©w²z¨Ó©w¸qÃö©ó¦ÛµM¼Æªº¥[ªk¡C

©w²z¡G©R"|N"ªí¥Ü¥Ñ©Ò¦³¦ÛµM¼Æºc¦¨ªº¶°¦X¡A¨º»ò§Ú­Ì¥i¥H°ß¤@¦a©w¸q¬M®gA¡G|N£A|N¡÷|N¡A¨Ï±o¥¦º¡¨¬¥H¤Uªº±ø¥ó¡G
(1)¹ï©ó|N¤¤¥ô·Nªº¤¸¯Àx¡A§Ú­Ì¦³A(x,0) = x ¡F
(2)¹ï©ó|N¤¤¥ô·Nªº¤¸¯Àx©My¡A§Ú­Ì¦³A(x,y*) = A(x,y)*¡C

¬M®gA´N¬O§Ú­Ì¥Î¨Ó©w¸q¥[ªkªº¬M®g¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H§â¥H¤Wªº±ø¥ó­«¼g¦p¤U¡G
(1) x+0 = x ¡F(2) x+y* = (x+y)*¡C

²{¦b¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥Hµý©ú"1+1 = 2" ¦p¤U¡G
1+1
= 1+0* (¦]¬° 1:= 0*)
= (1+0)* (®Ú¾Ú±ø¥ó(2))
= 1* (®Ú¾Ú±ø¥ó(1))
= 2 (¦]¬° 2:= 1*)

¡eª`¡GÄY®æ¨Ó»¡§Ú­Ì­n´©¥Î»¼Âk©w²z(Recursion Theorem)¨Ó«OÃÒ¥H¤Wªººc§@¤èªk¬O§´·íªº¡A¦b¦¹¤£ÂØ¡C]

1+ 1= 2"¥i¥H»¡¬O¤HÃþ¤Þ¤J¦ÛµM¼Æ¤Î¦³Ãöªº¹Bºâ«á"¦ÛµM"±o¨ìªºµ²½×¡C¦ý±q¤Q¤E¥@¬ö°_¼Æ¾Ç®a¶}©l¬°«Ø°ò©ó¹ê¼Æ¨t²Îªº¤ÀªR¾Ç«Ø¥ßÄY±KªºÅÞ¿è°ò¦«á¡A¤H­Ì¤~¯u¥¿¼fµøÃö©ó¦ÛµM¼Æªº°ò¦°ÝÃD¡C§Ú¬Û«H³o¤è­±³Ì"¸g¨å"ªºµý©úÀ³­nºâ¬O¥X²{¦b¥ÑRussell©MWhitehead¦XµÛªº"Principia Mathematica" ;;;;;¤¤ªº¨º­Ó¡C
§Ú­Ì¥i¥H³o¼Ëµý©ú"1+1 = 2"¡G
¡@­º¥ý¡A¥i¥H±Àª¾¡G
£\£`¢°<=> (£Ux)(£\={x})
£]£`2 <=> (£Ux)(£Uy)(£]={x,y}.&.~(x=y))
£i£`1+1 <=> (£Ux)(£Uy)(£]={x}¡å{y}.&.~(x=y))
©Ò¥H¹ï©ó¥ô·Nªº¶°¦X£^¡A§Ú­Ì¦³
¡@£^£`1+1
<=>(£Ux)(£Uy)(£^={x}¡å{y}.&.~(x=y))
<=>(£Ux)(£Uy)(£^={x,y}.&.~(x=y))
<=> £^£`2
®Ú¾Ú¶°¦X½×ªº¥~©µ¤½²z(Axiom of Extension)¡A§Ú­Ì±o¨ì1+1 = 2¡C]


ÃÒ©ú: 1+1=2


1¥ýÁA¸Ñpeano ¤½³]¡G©Ò¿×¦ÛµM¼Æ,´N¬Oº¡¨¬¤U¦C±ø¥ó,


a.¤@¶°¦XN ¤¤,¦³¤¸¯Àn,¤Î«áÄ~¤¸¯Àn+,n+»Pn ¹ïÀ³.


b.¤¸¯Àe ¥²©wÄÝ©óN ¤¤.


c.¤¸¯Àe ¦bN ¤¤¤£¬°¥ô¤@¤¸¯Àªº«áÄ~¤¸¯À.


d.N ¤¤ªº¤¸¯À,a+=b+«ha=b.(¤¸¯À°ß¤@)


e.(Âk¯Ç¤½³])S ¬°N ªº¤l¶°,e ÄÝ©óS,n ÄÝ©óS,n+¤]ÄÝ©óS.¨º»òS=N.


N ´N¬O§Ú­Ì»¡ªº¦ÛµM¼Æ¶°¦X.


¨ä¤¤§Ú­Ì³W©we:=1, e+:=2, (e+)+:=3,.....¥H¦¹Ãþ±À.


2. ¦A¨Ó©w¸q¥[ªk,


¥[ªk(+)¬°¤@¨ç¼Æ,³o¨ç¼Æº¡¨¬¨â­Ó±ø¥ó


1.(+)(n,e)=n+ ¼g¦¨¤j®a¼ô±xªº¦¡¤l1.n(+)e=n+


2.(+)(n,m+)=((+)(n,m ))+ 2.n(+)m+=(n(+)m)+


º¡¨¬¤W­±±ø¥óªº¨ç¼Æ(+),§Ú­ÌºÙ¬°¥[ªk+.(+):=+


º¡¨¬³o¨â±ø¥óªº¨ç¼Æ¬O¥i¥HÃÒ©ú¦s¦b¥B°ß¤@¡GÃÒ©ú¦p¤U


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e, e+ ,(e+)+,¡K¡K §Y©Ò¦³¦ÛµM¼Æ


°ß¤@¡G


n N " Î ¡A


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+(n,e+)=(+(n,e))+


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¤W­zÃÒ©ú½¦¨¥Õ¸Ü¤å¦p¤U¡G


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