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¤£n¤p¬Ý³oÓ¤½¦¡¡A1+1=2µn¤W¬ì¾Ç¬É¡¥³Ì°¶¤j¤½¦¡¡¦¤§¤@¡C
¦³¤£¤Ö¤H³£¥i¯à´¿¸g°Ý¹L"¬°¦ó1+1=2¡H"³oӬݦü¦h¾l(!?)ªº°ÝÃD¡C²{¦b§Ú¹Á¸Õ¦V¦³¿³½ìªººô¤Í²³æ¤¶²Ð¤@¤U«ç¼Ë¦b¤½²z¶°¦X½×ªº®Ø¬[¤ºµý©ú "1+1=2& quot; ³o¥y¹ïµ´¤j¦h¼Æ¤H¨Ó»¡³£"ÄA¼³¤£¯}"ªº¼Æ¾Çz¥y¡Cº¥ý¡A¤j®anª¾¹D¦b¶°¦X½×ªº¯ßµ¸¤¤§ÚÌ°Q½×ªº¹ï¶H¬O¦U¦¡¦U¼Ëªº¶°¦X¡]©ÎÃþ (class)¡A¥¦Ì©M¶°¦Xªº¤À§O¦b¦¹¤£ÂØ¡^¡A¬G¦¹§Ú̸g±`¸I¨ìªº¦ÛµM¼Æ¦b³o¸Ì¤]¬O¥H¶°¦X¡]©ÎÃþ¡^¨Ó©w¸q¡C¨Ò¦p§ÚÌ¥i¥Î¥H¤Uªº¤è¦¡¬É©w0¡A1©M2(eg. qv. Quine, Mathematical Logic, Revised Ed., Ch. 6, ¡±43-44)¡G
0 := {x: x ={y: ~(y = y)}}
1 := {x: y(y£`x.&.x\{y}£`0)}
2 := {x: y(y£`x.&.x\{y}£`1)}
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²{¦b§Ṳ́@¯ë±Ä¥Î¥Dn¥Ñ von Neumann ¤Þ¤Jªº¤èªk¨Ó¬É©w¦ÛµM¼Æ¡C¨Ò¦p¡G
0:= £N, 1:= {£N} = {0} =0¡å{0},
2:= {£N,{£N}} = {0,1} = 1¡å{1}
[£N¬°ªÅ¶°]
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¦b¤@¯ëªº¶°¦X½×¤½²z¨t²Î¤¤¡]¦pZFC¡^¤¤¦³¤@±ø¤½²z«OÃÒ³oÓºc§@¹Lµ{¯à¤£Â_¦a©µÄò¤U¥h¡A¨Ã¥B©Ò¦³¥Ñ³oºc§@¤èªk±o¨ìªº¶°¦X¯àºc¦¨¤@Ó¶°¦X¡A³o±ø¤½²zºÙ¬°µL½a¤½²z(Axiom of Infinity)(·íµM§ÚÌ°²©w¤F¨ä¥L¤@¨Ç¤½²z¡]¦p¨Ã¶°¤½²z¡^¤w¸g«Ø¥ß¡C
¡eª`¡GµL½a¤½²z¬O¤@¨Ç©Ò¿×«DÅ޿誺¤½²z¡C¥¿¬O³o¨Ç¤½²z¨Ï±o¥HRussell ¬°¥NªíªºÅÞ¿è¥D¸q¾Ç¬£ªº¬Y¨Ç¥D±i¦b³ÌÄY®æªº·N¸q¤U¤£¯à¹ê²{¡C¡f
¸òþÓ§ÚÌ«K¥iÀ³¥Î¥H¤Uªº©w²z¨Ó©w¸qÃö©ó¦ÛµM¼Æªº¥[ªk¡C
©w²z¡G©R"|N"ªí¥Ü¥Ñ©Ò¦³¦ÛµM¼Æºc¦¨ªº¶°¦X¡A¨º»ò§ÚÌ¥i¥H°ß¤@¦a©w¸q¬M®gA¡G|N£A|N¡÷|N¡A¨Ï±o¥¦º¡¨¬¥H¤Uªº±ø¥ó¡G
(1)¹ï©ó|N¤¤¥ô·Nªº¤¸¯Àx¡A§Ú̦³A(x,0) = x ¡F
(2)¹ï©ó|N¤¤¥ô·Nªº¤¸¯Àx©My¡A§Ú̦³A(x,y*) = A(x,y)*¡C
¬M®gA´N¬O§Ú̥Ψөw¸q¥[ªkªº¬M®g¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥H§â¥H¤Wªº±ø¥ó«¼g¦p¤U¡G
(1) x+0 = x ¡F(2) x+y* = (x+y)*¡C
²{¦b¡A§ÚÌ¥i¥Hµý©ú"1+1 = 2" ¦p¤U¡G
1+1
= 1+0* (¦]¬° 1:= 0*)
= (1+0)* (®Ú¾Ú±ø¥ó(2))
= 1* (®Ú¾Ú±ø¥ó(1))
= 2 (¦]¬° 2:= 1*)
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1+ 1= 2"¥i¥H»¡¬O¤HÃþ¤Þ¤J¦ÛµM¼Æ¤Î¦³Ãöªº¹Bºâ«á"¦ÛµM"±o¨ìªºµ²½×¡C¦ý±q¤Q¤E¥@¬ö°_¼Æ¾Ç®a¶}©l¬°«Ø°ò©ó¹ê¼Æ¨t²Îªº¤ÀªR¾Ç«Ø¥ßÄY±KªºÅÞ¿è°ò¦«á¡A¤H̤~¯u¥¿¼fµøÃö©ó¦ÛµM¼Æªº°ò¦°ÝÃD¡C§Ú¬Û«H³o¤è±³Ì"¸g¨å"ªºµý©úÀ³nºâ¬O¥X²{¦b¥ÑRussell©MWhitehead¦XµÛªº"Principia Mathematica" ;;;;;¤¤ªº¨ºÓ¡C
§ÚÌ¥i¥H³o¼Ëµý©ú"1+1 = 2"¡G
¡@º¥ý¡A¥i¥H±Àª¾¡G
£\£`¢°<=> (£Ux)(£\={x})
£]£`2 <=> (£Ux)(£Uy)(£]={x,y}.&.~(x=y))
£i£`1+1 <=> (£Ux)(£Uy)(£]={x}¡å{y}.&.~(x=y))
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¡@£^£`1+1
<=>(£Ux)(£Uy)(£^={x}¡å{y}.&.~(x=y))
<=>(£Ux)(£Uy)(£^={x,y}.&.~(x=y))
<=> £^£`2
®Ú¾Ú¶°¦X½×ªº¥~©µ¤½²z(Axiom of Extension)¡A§Ú̱o¨ì1+1 = 2¡C]
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a.¤@¶°¦XN ¤¤,¦³¤¸¯Àn,¤Î«áÄ~¤¸¯Àn+,n+»Pn ¹ïÀ³.
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e.(Âk¯Ç¤½³])S ¬°N ªº¤l¶°,e ÄÝ©óS,n ÄÝ©óS,n+¤]ÄÝ©óS.¨º»òS=N.
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1.(+)(n,e)=n+ ¼g¦¨¤j®a¼ô±xªº¦¡¤l1.n(+)e=n+
2.(+)(n,m+)=((+)(n,m ))+ 2.n(+)m+=(n(+)m)+
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ªí¥Ü¡A©Ò¥H1 + 1«üªº¬O1«á±¨º¤@ӼƦr¡A¤]´N¬O1+¡A¦ÛµM´N¬O2¡C
¬°¤°»ò·|¦³Peano ¤½³]¡A¤Î©w¸q¥[ªk¡A³o°_·½©ó¤Q¤E¥@¬ö¥½¡A¤G¤Q¥@¬öªì¡AHibert¡ABrouwer¡A¦]ª«²z¤W¯U¸q¬Û¹ï½×¡A¤Î¶q¤l½×±À½¤Fª«²z°ò¦¡A¦Ó¼Æ¾Ç®a̦]¦¹·QÃÒ©ú¡A¼Æ¾Ç¬O¦³°í©T°ò¦¡A¬O¤£Åܪº¯u²z¡C©Ò¥H§Æ±æ¯à±qÅÞ¿è¤W«Ø¥ß¤@Ó§¹¾ã¡BÄY±Kªº°ò¦¡A©ó¬O²Ä¤@Ó·íµM°w¹ï¦ÛµM¼Æ¨t¶}©l¡A§Æ±æ¯à¹³¼Ú¤ó´X¦ó¤@¼Ë¡A±q°ò¥»¤½³]¡A¸g¥ÑÅÞ¿è´N¥i¥H±o¨ì§¹¾ãªº¦ÛµM¼Æ¨t©Ê½è¡A©Ò¥HÂkµ²¥XPeano ¤Ó¤½³]¡]¨ä¹ê«á¤H§â¥¦¶i¤@¨BÂkµ²¦¨¤TÓ¡^¡A¦Óù¯À»P¥Lªº¦Ñ®vÃh®ü¼w¦X¼g<<¼Æ¾Çì²z>>¤T¤j¨÷¡A´N¬O°µ¤F¤@³¡¥÷¤u§@¡CHilbert ÀÀ¤F¤@³s¦êpµen§â¼Æ¾Çªº°ò¦Âà¤Æ¦¨ÅÞ¿è¡A³o¼Ë¤@¨Ó¡A¼Æ¾Ç®a´N¥i¥H«ÅºÙ¡u¼Æ¾Ç¬O¯u²z¡v¡C¤£©¯ªº¬O¡A1929¦~Godel 23·³®ÉÃÒ©ú¤F¤@Ó©w²z¡G
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2007-7-16 19:31
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